In my last post, I considered one of the political aspects of the indictment against Khaddafi in relation to the Peace vs. Justice debate.
Today, some quick thoughts on the legal dimension of the request for arrest warrants. The situation in Libya indeed raises a number of interesting issues which I am particularly fond of. I won't delve into the question of the actual legality of security council referrals. I've said in the past that I was skeptical about the mechanism as a whole, because i don't believe the SC has the power to bind a state not party to a treaty to that treaty, and more particularly discussed the legality of Resolution 1973 here (don't forget to read the comments section, it raises some quite interesting ideas on the extent of Security Council powers.
I also will not insist on the issue of head of state immunity that is raised here, for the second time at the ICC after the Bashir case. Dapo Akande, over at EJIL Talk! argues that because SC resolution binds Libya to the Statute of the ICC, it must abide by article 27 which removes immunity. Needless to say, given my previous remarks, that I disagree with this analysis. At best, SC 1973 obliges Libya to cooperate with the Court, but within the limits of its international rights and is not bound by the actual content of the Statute.
- Third State obligations in relation to arrest warrants
One notable point that comes up in relation to the request for the arrest warrants is what they would, if granted, require of other states. As I have argued before, I don't believe that the issuance of an arrest warrant automatically creates an obligation for state parties to the ICC to arrest the person in the absence of a specific request under 89(1). Moreover, I have also argued that the general requests to all states under 89(1), irrespective of actual knowledge of the presence of the accused on the state's territory, seemed contrary to the drafting of that article. This argument seemed to me like a shot in the dark, given the practice of the court in wholesale notifications... But apparently the ICC Prosecutor agrees with me (which also means that for once, I agree with the ICC Prosecutor...)! Indeed, in the request for arrest warrants, the Prosecutor points out in the request that :
65. The Office submits that, if this Application is granted and the Court proceeds to issue warrants of arrest, the Court should exclusively transmit a request for the arrest of the suspects to Libyan authorities.
66. This would conform with the requirements of Article 89(1) which provides “The Court may transmit a request for the arrest and surrender of a person, together with the material supporting the request outlined in article 91, to any State on the territory of which that person may be found and shall request the cooperation of that State in the arrest and surrender of such a person”. Addressing a request at this stage to other States on whose territory, according to the information available, the suspects are not physically present would appear superfluous and contrary to the express scheme foreseen in Part 9.
Dapo Akande finds this position strange, because it suggests that the approach adopted in the Bashir case was contrary to the statute. But I think that the Prosecutor is perfectly right in his reading of article 89(1) and that indeed, the previous practice of the court was contrary to the statute. Apparently, someone at the OTP is reading this blog and some credit would have been nice...
- Crimes against Humanity as the new crime of choice?
A second notable point is the crimes for which the warrants are sought. The "Tripoli Three", as Mark Kersten has aptly named them, would be charged, according to the request, for two counts of crimes against humanity. This raises a number of questions. The first one relates to the question of whether counts of war crimes could also have been possible (see Dapo Akande's discussion of whether there was in fact an armed conflict in Libya at the relevant times for the acts under consideration).
More generally, I think it shows a recent trend towards crimes against humanity becoming the new ideal crime of international justice. Indeed, it seemed that crimes against humanity had lost their appeal, more particularly in relation to genocide, as the debate surrounding the Bashir arrest warrant showed. But now, it is back in fashion, especially in the new context of wanting the ICC to deal with the "arab spring" and more generally with situations of internal crack down of political opposition.
Indeed, Crimes against humanity have the benefit of not needing the special intent of genocide (and generally being more adequate for criminal law than genocide, as I've argued elsewhere). Moreover, they don't require an armed conflict, which are usually hard to identify in the situations of popular uprising that we are witnessing now.
Of course, there still remains the question of establishing the widespread and systematic nature of the attacks (with the corresponding knowledge), as required by article 7(1) of the Statute. But even this is turning out to be not so much of a problem if the threshold is lowered, as was the case in the Kenya situation, thus allowing for systematic human rights violations to be "caught" under the umbrella of crimes against humanity. I had strong doubts about the Pre-Trial Chamber's approach back then, and still do, but if the trend is confirmed, then Crimes against Humanity have found a new youth and may even becoming the new "crime of crimes".
Very interesting and informative post, as usual.
ReplyDeleteI found myself fascinated but perplexed by what you are saying, and so have a question: what is the legal (or perhaps political) logic behind a lack of obligation for member-states to arrest an individual after the issuing an arrest warrant? Why have an additional requirement (a specific request under Art. 89(1)?